Section 2.1

Research: Meaning, Characteristics & Types

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Research is an organized, inquiry-driven, and systematic search for truth, aimed at generating new knowledge or solving existing practical problems (Creswell, 2012). It is governed by a rigorous set of scientific methodologies designed to eliminate subjective bias and ensure reproducibility.

1. Core Characteristics of Research

Scientific research must adhere to several fundamental principles (Kerlinger, 1986; Kothari, 2004):

  • Empirical: Anchored in direct experience, observation, and data collection.
  • Logical: Governed by rules of logical reasoning, utilizing both induction and deduction.
  • Replicable: Designed so other investigators can reproduce the study and verify findings.
  • Systematic: Conducted in structured phases according to pre-defined rules.
  • Critical: Subjects all methods, data, and claims to rigorous, objective evaluation.

2. Classification of Research by Purpose

A. Fundamental (Basic or Pure) Research

This type of research aims to expand the boundary of human knowledge by developing new theories or principles, without immediate practical application in view (Creswell, 2012). An example is the study of memory mechanisms in psychology.

B. Applied Research

Applied research applies theoretical knowledge to solve specific, immediate, and practical problems facing society or industry (Kothari, 2004).

C. Action Research

First conceptualized by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research is a specific form of applied research designed to improve local practices (often inside a school or organization) through a cyclical, self-reflective inquiry.

The Action Research Cycle is defined as:
Plan → Act → Observe → Reflect
1. Plan 2. Act 3. Observe 4. Reflect Continuous Improvement
Fig 2. The Cyclical Model of Action Research

💡 Exam Insight

NTA asks questions on Action Research in almost every session. Remember the exact sequence: **Plan, Act, Observe, Reflect**. It is local, situational, and practitioner-led.

3. Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

Research paradigms are also classified by data collection structures (Creswell, 2012):

  • Quantitative Research: Emphasizes numerical measurements, statistical analyses, and deductive reasoning. It is objective and seeks generalizable laws.
  • Qualitative Research: Focuses on exploring subjective meanings, lived experiences, and inductive reasoning. It utilizes interviews, text observations, and thematic analysis.

References

  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Pearson.
  • Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioral research (3rd ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques (2nd ed.). New Age International.
  • Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34-46.