Natural and Energy Resources

A critical component of sustainable development is the transition from non-renewable, highly polluting energy sources (coal, oil) to renewable alternatives. India has set an ambitious 'Panchamrit' target to achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.

Renewable Energy Sources

• Solar Energy: Harnessing the sun's radiant energy using photovoltaic cells. India's geography (tropical) makes it highly viable. Major initiatives include the Bhadla Solar Park (Rajasthan) and the International Solar Alliance.
• Wind Energy: Utilizing kinetic energy from the wind to turn turbines. High potential in coastal states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.
• Hydro Energy: Generating electricity from falling or fast-running water. While renewable, large dams can cause massive ecological disruption and human displacement (e.g., Narmada Bachao Andolan).
• Geothermal Energy: Heat derived within the sub-surface of the earth. In India, potential sites include Puga Valley (Ladakh) and Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh).
• Biomass: Organic matter used as fuel (e.g., wood, crop residue, biogas from animal waste). It is considered carbon-neutral because the CO2 released during combustion was originally absorbed from the atmosphere by the plants during photosynthesis.

Non-Renewable and Strategic Resources

• Nuclear Energy: High energy density generated via nuclear fission (typically Uranium-235). While it produces zero GHG emissions during operation, the disposal of highly radioactive waste and the risk of meltdowns (e.g., Fukushima) make it controversial. India operates under a three-stage nuclear power programme utilizing its vast Thorium reserves.
• Soil and Forests: Critical natural resources acting as massive carbon sinks. Forests prevent soil erosion, maintain the hydrological cycle, and preserve biodiversity.